Abstracts
Special Abstracts Section COVID-19

Comportamiento de la COVID-19 en pacientes pediátricos. Cairo Martínez JC. Mayabeque (CU): Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Mayabeque; 2021. Spanish.

Introducción El virus causante de la COVID-19 es el SARS-CoV-2, que se detectó por primera vez en la ciudad china de Wuhan (provincia de Hubei), en diciembre de 2019. En Cuba hasta el 28 de junio se diagnosticaron 253 casos de niños de 2332 casos confirmados. Los coronavirus son causantes de enfermedades, que van desde el resfriado común hasta la enfermedad grave y mortal. Objetivo Caracterizar el comportamiento de La Covid-19 en pacientes en edad pediátrica según aspectos clínicos y epidemiológicos. Método Se realizó un análisis documental mediante la búsqueda de información utilizando la base de datos PubMed para identificar artículos publicados hasta junio del 2020. Se consultaron 25 referencias bibliográficas actualizadas. Desarrollo En esta enfermedad se describe un triángulo epidemiológico causal que está formado por: el medio ambiente, el agente etiológico (virus SARSCoV-2) y el huésped. Las manifestaciones comunes de COVID-19 en niños incluyen fiebre, tos, mialgia, dificultad para respirar, dolor de cabeza y diarrea, o asintomáticos. Conclusiones Un creciente número de estudios sugiere que hay menos incidencia de la enfermedad en niños que en adultos por la condición de sus vasos sanguíneos, donde no existe daño endotelial. Los casos para ser diagnosticados se estudian los antecedentes epidemiológicos, manifestaciones clínicas y se identifican por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa de transcripción inversa en tiempo real.

Crisis febril como manifestación inicial de COVID-19. Vega Mendoza DL, Pacheco Torres L, Piedra Bello M, Mesa Herrera ME. Rev Cubana Pediatr. 2021 May;93(3):e1322. Spanish.

Introducción La COVID-19 es una enfermedad que ha mostrado una baja morbilidad y mortalidad en pediatría. Las crisis febriles constituyen una de las causas más frecuentes de admisión en los servicios de urgencia y de interconsultas con el neuropediatra. Objetivo Interpretar la presencia de crisis febril simple en pacientes admitidos en servicios de urgencia pediátricos como manifestación inicial de COVID-19. Presentación del caso Paciente femenina de un año de edad, con antecedentes de salud anterior que acude al cuerpo de guardia con fiebre de 38 ℃ y crisis motora, de inicio generalizada, tónico-clónica, que cedió con medidas antitérmicas. Por protocolo se realiza punción lumbar la cual resulta negativa. Se ingresa, 24 horas después comienza con manifestaciones catarrales, se hace otoscopia y se diagnostica una otitis media aguda, por lo que se inicia tratamiento antibiótico. Se realiza la prueba de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa para la COVID-19 con resultado positivo, por lo que se remite para el Hospital Pediátrico “San Miguel del Padrón”. Conclusiones Se debe sospechar la presencia de COVID-19 ante paciente que acude a servicio de urgencias por una crisis febril, como único problema de salud. LA COVID-19 es una enfermedad que ha demostrado que se puede presentar de diversas formas.

Equity and the Cuban National Health System’s response to COVID-19. Mas Bermejo P, Sánchez Valdés L, Somarriba López L, Valdivia Onega NC, Vidal Ledo MJ, Alfonso Sánchez I, et al. Rev Panam Salud Pública. 2021 Jul 1;45:e80. DOI: 10.26633/RPSP.2021.80

Cuba’s National Health System has managed to guarantee an effective and equitable response to COVID-19. Universal and free health coverage, based on primary care, follows the principle of equity and the greatest resources are allocated to areas of the lowest socioeconomic stratum (where higher risk is concentrated), followed by those of medium and high strata, in that order. This allowed for similar mortality rates in the three strata, and Cuban national mortality rate was one of the lowest in the Region of the Americas. Before the first case was identified in Cuba, a Plan for Coronavirus Prevention and Control was elaborated with multisectoral participation, and when the first case was confirmed the Temporary National Working Group to Fight COVID-19 was created as an advisory body of the government. The actions to face the pandemic began with preventive measures in the community, continued in the isolation centers and ended again in the community with actions of surveillance and follow up of recovered patients. Following the principle of territoriality, molecular diagnosis laboratories were created in the provinces that did not have one. Free medical care and treatment; the preparation of a single national intersectoral government plan; the use of particular strategies for research, diagnosis and case tracing; and the implementation of a universal protocol for disease prevention and treatment of confirmed cases made it possible to control the disease with a health equity perspective. 

Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on neuropsychiatric disorders. Robinson-Agramonte MA, Gonçalves CA, Noris-García E, Prendes Rivero N, Lisa Brigida A, Schultz S, et al. World J Psychiatry. 2021 Jul 19;11(7):347–354.

Evolving data show a variable expression of clinical neurological manifestations in patients suffering with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from early disease onset. The most frequent symptoms and signs are fatigue, dizziness, impaired consciousness, ageusia, anosmia, radicular pain, and headache, as well as others. Based on the high number of series of cases reported, there is evidence for the implication of the immune system in the pathological mechanism of COVID-19. Although the exact role of the immunological mechanism is not elucidated, two main mechanisms are suggested which implicate the direct effect of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in the central nervous system and neuroinflammation. In the context of neurological manifestations associated with COVID-19, neuropsychiatric disorders show an exacerbation and are described by symptoms and signs such as depression, anxiety, mood alterations, psychosis, post-traumatic stress disorder, delirium, and cognitive impairment, which appear to be common in COVID-19 survivors. A worsened score on psychopathological measures is seen in those with a history of psychiatric comorbidities. We review the neuropsychiatric manifestations associated with COVID-19 and some critical aspects of the innate and adaptive immune system involved in mental health disorders occurring in COVID-19.

Los determinantes sociales de la salud en Latinoamérica y el contexto de la pandemia por la COVID-19. Serra Valdés MA. Acta Médica. 2021;22(2):e200. Spanish.

SARS-CoV-2: preliminary study of infected human nasopharyngeal tissue by high resolution microscopy. Mondeja B, Valdés O, Resik S, Vizcaino A, Acosta E, Montalván A, et al. Virol J. 2021 Jul 18;18(1):149. DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01620-1

Background The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is the etiological agent of COVID-19. This virus has become one of the most dangerous in recent times with a very high rate of transmission. At present, several publications show the typical crown-shape of the novel coronavirus grown in cell cultures. However, an integral ultramicroscopy study done directly from clinical specimens has not been published. Methods Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 12 Cuban individuals, six asymptomatic and RT-PCR negative (negative control) and six others from a COVID-19 symptomatic and RT-PCR positive for SARS CoV-2. Samples were treated with an aldehyde solution and processed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal microscopy (CM) and, atomic force microscopy. Improvement and segmentation of coronavirus images were performed by a novel mathematical image enhancement algorithm. Results The images of the negative control sample showed the characteristic healthy microvilli morphology at the apical region of the nasal epithelial cells. As expected, they do not display virus-like structures. The images of the positive sample showed characteristic coronavirus-like particles and evident destruction of microvilli. In some regions, virions budding through the cell membrane were observed. Microvilli destruction could explain the anosmia reported by some patients. Virus-particles emerging from the cell-surface with a variable size ranging from 80 to 400 nm were observed by SEM. Viral antigen was identified in the apical cells zone by CM. Conclusions The integral microscopy study showed that SARS-CoV-2 has a similar image to SARS-CoV. The application of several high-resolution microscopy techniques to nasopharyngeal samples awaits future use.

SARS-CoV-2 RBD-Tetanus Toxoid Conjugate Vaccine Induces a Strong Neutralizing Immunity in Preclinical Studies. Valdés-Balbin Y, Santana-Mederos D, Quintero L, Fernández S, Rodríguez L, Sánchez Ramirez, B, et al. ACS Chem Biol. 2021 Jul 16;16(7):1223–33.

Controlling the global COVID-19 pandemic depends, among other measures, on developing preventive vaccines at an unprecedented pace. Vaccines approved for use and those in development intend to elicit neutralizing antibodies to block viral sites binding to the host’s cellular receptors. Virus infection is mediated by the spike glycoprotein trimer on the virion surface via its receptor binding domain (RBD). Antibody response to this domain is an important outcome of immunization and correlates well with viral neutralization. Here, we show that macromolecular constructs with recombinant RBD conjugated to tetanus toxoid (TT) induce a potent immune response in laboratory animals. Some advantages of immunization with RBD-TT conjugates include a predominant IgG immune response due to affinity maturation and long-term specific B-memory cells. These results demonstrate the potential of the conjugate COVID-19 vaccine candidates and enable their advance to clinical evaluation under the name SOBERANA02, paving the way for other antiviral conjugate.

Uso del péptido CIGB-258 en un paciente pediátrico con neumonía grave por SARS-CoV-2. Rubio Ortega R, Rodríguez Moya VS, Leiva Machado M, Domínguez Dorta MC. Rev Cubana Pediatr. 2021 May;93(3). Spanish.

Introducción La presentación clínica de la enfermedad provocada por el SARS-CoV-2 es heterogénea. Los pacientes pueden ser asintomáticos o tener una enfermedad leve de las vías respiratorias superiores o desarrollar una neumonía grave que puede progresar al síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda y provocar la muerte. La fisiopatología de las formas graves de la enfermedad se caracteriza por una marcada hiperinflamación. Las terapias que modulan la respuesta inmunitaria pueden ser cruciales para tratar y prevenir este estado. El péptido CIGB-258, marca comercial Jusvinza, es una opción terapéutica para este propósito, por sus propiedades inmunomoduladoras. Objetivo Describir la evolución clínica de un paciente pediátrico con neumonía grave por SARS-CoV-2, tratado con el péptido CIGB-258. Presentación del caso Adolescente de 12 años con epilepsia refractaria, parálisis cerebral infantil y antecedentes epidemiológicos de contacto con paciente positivo a test confirmatorio de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa con transcriptasa inversa para SARS-CoV-2 que ocho días después del contacto, muestra evidencias clínicas, radiográficas y de laboratorio de neumonía grave por COVID-19. Dentro del protocolo terapéutico, recibió tratamiento con el péptido inmunomodulador CIGB-258, con una evolución favorable y egreso hospitalario. Conclusiones El uso del péptido CIGB-258 en el tratamiento de la neumonía grave por COVID-19 en pediatría, podría contribuir a evitar la progresión hacia las etapas críticas de la enfermedad.

Loading...
Loading...
Early Online

No new Early Online articles at this time. The most recent articles are listed in the Current Issue Table of Contents. Early Online articles are added as soon as they are available, so please check back later.